R Operators
Operators can be categorized based upon their different functionality:
- Arithmetic Operators
- Logical Operators
- Relational Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Miscellaneous Operator
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operations simulate various math operations, like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulo using the specified operator between operands, which maybe either scalar values, complex numbers or vectors.
Addition operator (+) :
The values at the corresponding positions of both the operands are added. Consider the following R snippet to add two vectors:
Input : a <- c (1, 0.1) b <- c (2.33, 4) print (a+b) Output : 3.33 4.10
Subtraction Operator (-) :
The second operand values are subtracted from the first. Consider the following R snippet to subtract two variables:
Input : a <- 6 b <- 8.4 print (a-b) Output : -2.4
Multiplication Operator () :
The multiplication of corresponding elements of vectors and Integers are multiplied with the use of ‘’ operator.
Input : B= matrix(c(4,6i),nrow=1,ncol=2) C= matrix(c(2,2i ),nrow=1, ncol=2) print (B*C) Output : 8+0i -12+0i
The elements at corresponding positions of matrices are multiplied.
Division Operator (/) :
The first operand is divided by the second operand with the use of ‘/’ operator.
Input : a <- 1 b <- 0 print (a/b) Output : -Inf
Power Operator (^) :
The first operand is raised to the power of the second operand.
Input : a <- c(2, 3) b <- c(2,4) print(a^b) Output : 4 81
Modulo Operator (%%) :
The remainder of the first operand divided by the second operand is returned.
Input : a<- c(2, 3) b<-c(2,4) print(a%%b) Output : 0 3
Logical Operators
Logical operations simulate element-wise decision operations, based on the specified operator between the operands, which are then evaluated to either a True or False boolean value.Any non zero integer value is considered as a TRUE value, be it complex or real number.
Logical AND operator (&) :
Returns True if both the operands are True.
Input : a <- c(TRUE, 0.1) b <- c(0,4+3i) print(a & b) Output : FALSE TRUE
Any non zero integer value is considered as a TRUE value, be it complex or real number.
Logical OR operator (|) :
Returns True if either of the operands are True.
Input : a <- c(TRUE, 0.1) b <- c(0,4+3i) print(a|b) Output : TRUE TRUE
NOT operator (!) :
A unary operator that negates the status of the elements of the operand.
Input : a <- c(0,FALSE) Output : TRUE TRUE
Logical AND operator (&&) :
Returns True if both the first elements of the operands are True.
Input : a <- c(TRUE, 0.1) b <- c(0,4+3i) print(a && b) Output : FALSE
Compares just the first elements of both the lists.
Logical OR operator (||) :
Returns True if either of the first elements of the operands are True.
Input : a <- c(TRUE, 0.1) b <- c(0,4+3i) print(a||b) Output : TRUE
Relational Operators
The relational operators carry out comparison operations between the corresponding elements of the operands. Returns a boolean TRUE value if the first operand satisfies the relation compared to the second. A TRUE value is always considered to be greater than the FALSE.
Less than (<) :
Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is less than that of the second operand. Else returns FALSE.
Input : a <- c(TRUE, 0.1,"apple") b <- c(0,0.1,"bat") print(a<b) Output : FALSE FALSE TRUE
Less than equal to (<=) :
Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is less than or equal to that of the second operand.Else returns FALSE.
Input : a <- c(TRUE, 0.1,"apple") b <- c(0,0.1,"bat") print(a<=b) Output : FALSE TRUE TRUE
Greater than (>) :
Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is greater than that of the second operand. Else returns FALSE.
Input : a <- c(TRUE, 0.1,"apple") b b) Output : TRUE FALSE FALSE
Greater than equal to (>=) :
Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is greater or equal to than that of the second operand.Else returns FALSE.
Input : a <- c(TRUE, 0.1,"apple") b =b) Output : TRUE TRUE FALSE
Not equal to (!=) :
Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is not equal to second operand.Else returns FALSE.
Input : a <- c(TRUE, 0.1,""apple") b <- c(0,0.1,"bat") print(a!=b) Output : TRUE FALSE TRUE
Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to various data objects in R. The objects may be integers, vectors or functions. These values are then stores by the assigned variable names. There are two kinds of assignment operators: Left and Right
Left Assignment (<- or <<- or =) :
Assigns value to a vector.
Input :
vec1 = c("ab", TRUE)
print (vec1)
Output :
"ab" "TRUE"
Right Assignment (-> or ->>) :
Assigns value to a vector.
Input :
c("ab", TRUE) ->> vec1
print (vec1)
Output :
"ab" "TRUE"
Miscellaneous Operators
These are the mixed operators that simulate the printing of sequences and assignment of vectors, either left or right handedly.
%in% Operator:
Checks if an element belongs to a list and returns a boolean value TRUE if the value is present else FALSE.
Input : val <- 0.1 a <- c(TRUE, 0.1,"apple") print (val %in% a) Output : TRUE
Checks for the value 0.1 in the specified list. It exists, therefore, prints TRUE.
Colon Operator(:) :
Prints a list of elements starting with the element before the color to the element after it.
Input : print (1:5) Output : 1 2 3 4 5
Prints a sequence of the numbers from 1 to 5.
%% Operator:
This operator is used to multiply a matrix with its transpose. Transpose of the matrix is obtained by interchanging the rows to columns and columns to rows. The number of columns of first matrix must be equal to number of rows of second matrix.Multiplication of the matrix A with its transpose, B, produce a square matrix.
Input : mat = matrix(c(1,2,3,4,5,6),nrow=2,ncol=3) print (mat) print( t(mat)) pro = mat %*% t(mat) print(pro) Output : [,1] [,2] [,3] #original matrix of order 2x3 [1,] 1 3 5 [2,] 2 4 6 [,1] [,2] #transposed matrix of order 3x2 [1,] 1 2 [2,] 3 4 [3,] 5 6 [,1] [,2] #product matrix of order 2x2 [1,] 35 44 [2,] 44 56
